1.3 Definitions of Jungian Functions on the Enneagram of Consciousness.

The most differentiated Jungian functions of consciousness for each enneagram point are defined below. The notation uses F, T, S, N, M (for feeling, thinking, sensation, intuition, and moving) to indicate the five functions. The notation uses subscripts e or i for attitude, along with the "number" of the enneagram point. For example, the notation Fe-2 names the extraverted feeling that is the dominant and superior Jungian function at Enneagram Point Two. Each of the nine points is defined below.

The Feeling Triad   The Thinking Triad  The Instinctive Triad

Two Three Four      Five Six Seven      Eight Nine One
 
Fe-2 Me-3 Ne-4      Ti-5 Fi-6 Se-7      Si-8 Ni-9 Te-1

Se-7 and Si-8 name the Jungian irrational Perception functions for sensation (S). Sensation is the superior gift. It is the most consciously used function at Points 7 and 8. Sensation is extraverted or directed outward towards the object at Point Seven, but introverted or directed inward towards the subject at Point Eight. Point Eight monitors the background instinctive energy level while the body moves at Point Three.

Ne-4 and Ni-9 name the Jungian irrational Perception functions for intuition (N). Intuition is the superior gift. It is the most consciously used function at Points 4 and 9. Intuition is extraverted or directed outward towards the object at Point Four, but introverted or directed inward towards the subject at Point Nine.

Te-1 and Ti-5 name the Jungian rational Judgment functions for thinking (T).Thinking is the superior gift. It is the most consciously used function at Points 1 and 5. Thinking is extraverted or directed outward towards the object at Point One, but introverted or directed inward towards the subject at Point Five.

Fe-2 and Fi-6 name the Jungian rational Judgment function for feeling or valuing (F). Feeling is the superior gift. It is the most consciously used function at Points 2 and 6. Feeling is extraverted or directed outward towards the object at Point Two, but introverted or directed inward towards the subject at Point Six.

Me-3 names the extraverted moving function at Point Three. The gift is moving to do physical work, achieve goals, make the correct image (Jungian Persona), and speak or hear the correct language of the social group. Intentions and emotions are physically expressed at Point Three from the "Heart Center" to the listening or watching public. A person may not want to show emotions that are not consistent with public expectations. The Persona can hide true emotions behind a mask, much like a stage actor. The Persona can show only the emotion that the script calls for when the stage role for Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, or Romeo is acted, for example.

Point Three has a muscle sense function in the 2-3-4 Feeling Triad that is completely separate from the visceral sensation function from the 8-9-1 Instinctive Triad. The human limbic system supports emotions and kinesthetic memory supports learned movements in the 2-3-4 Feeling Triad.

The muscle sense at Point Three is associated with acting in the world and doing work. Point Three's muscle sensation receptors for monitoring force in the body are in a completely different category from Point Seven's passive extraverted sensation function for receiving stimuli with the five senses (see, hear, taste, touch, and smell) from objects in the world outside the body. However, if one had only a four function Jungian model it would be quite natural to assign extraverted sensation for receiving stimuli at Point Three, as John Fudjack has done in earlier work, out of necessity. After all, the sense of touch is one of the five senses, and changes in the experienced sensation of touch are experienced after first moving to perform the act of touching.

Careful observation is needed to differentiate the sensory information received from real objects in the world from the subject's muscle sense as their body moves (with the aid of the five external senses) to achieve a goal, such as, reaching for a ripe apple to eat. The failure to differentiate object and subject sensory information is an example of identification with the object. Identifications are a "root cause" of enneagram personality types.

The intention to touch is followed the willed act of touching, and this is followed by the sensation of the touchable attributes of the object of attention. Jung omitted the psycho-motor functions for his theoretical convenience, but the fifth moving function is required by all of us for practical necessities of living. A mind can only imagine that it doesn't need the moving function until the next meal, when the stomach has its instinctual say in the matter. [6] [7]

The learned moving function account for our ability to replicate learned patterns in music, sports, and in written or spoken language. Gurdjieff referred to the learned moving function as a mimicry function. Learning to communicate with language is a noble human accomplishment that separates lower beings from human beings. Language is so fundamental that David Keirsey uses spoken "concrete words" and "abstract words" as one set of fundamental observable temperament features that are analogous to Jungian "sensation" and "intuition" psychological functions of perception.

Section Two: Calculating Two Common Enneagram Triad Parameters from RHETI Data

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There are two common triad patterns for enneagram personality types. The first and most widely known pattern was identified by Oscar Ichazo, who discovered modern enneagram personality types, as we know them. The Hornevian Triads are the second widely known set of ennagram triads. The format for both sets of triads is given in the RHETI Version 2.5 type indicator booklet. These triads are discussed in Personality Type. [8]

Scores for the original Ichazo Triads are shown below for the 8-9-1, 2-3-4, and 5-6-7 groups of three points (triads).

3.1 RHETI Scores for the Instinctive, Feeling, and Thinking Triads

   
      8-9-1 Triad        2-3-4 Triad        5-6-7 Triad
      Above Median: +1   Above Median: -3   Above Median: +2
      Eight Nine One     Two Three Four     Five Six Seven
Total    10   21  18      13    19   13       16  19    15
Median   16   16  16      16    16   16       16  16    16
Above    -6   +5  +2      -3    +3   -3        0  +3    -1

Point Nine (The Peacemaker) has the highest score (21) in the 8-9-1 Instinctive Triad. The Instinctive Triad score is only one unit (+1) above the median score of 48. The RHETI is designed so that any enneagram point can have a continuous score between 0 and 32, with a median score of 16. The 9w1 (Nine with a One wing) is the most significant pair of enneagram points in the 8-9-1 Instinctive Triad. The 9w1 pair is defined by Point Nine's superior Jungian introverted intuition function, with a Wing at Point One for the auxiliary extraverted thinking function. The 9w1 pair form the formal definition for True MBTI Type INTJ when a person is in the Healthy Levels of Development identified by Don Riso. The 9w1 is called the Dreamer by Riso and Hudson.

The 8-9-1 Instinctive Triad is well named. Point Eight is most in touch with instinct because its superior introverted sensation function (Si-8) directly monitors the visceral instinctual energy in the Gut Center. Eight's monitoring function is analogous to an automobile's temperature or oil gage that monitors engine states as the vehicle bodily moves at highway speeds towards a destination, while the driver behind the steering wheel witnesses the event as it unfolds.

Point Nine is most out of touch with instinct because its superior introverted intuition (Ni-9) is the Unipolar Opposite of Point Eight. Points Eight and Nine are in each other's Shadow. Point One's instinct is under expressed because its extraverted thinking (Te-1) is dominant, with introverted sensation (Si) in second place.

5-6-7 Triad Discussion

Point Six (The Loyalist)has the highest score (19)in the 5-6-7 Thinking Triad. The Thinking Triad score is above (+2) the median, and higher (+1) than the 8-9-1 Instinctive Triad score. However, Point Six is lower (-2) than Point Nine. Point Nine and Six scores repeated exactly over a two year period. Notice that the scores for Point Six's wings at Seven (15) and Five (16) are not above the median, but Point Nine's wing at One (18) is above the median. The 6w7 pair of conscious Jungian functions corresponds to the definition for the True MBTI Type ISFP. The 6w5 unipolar combination of introverted feeling at Point Six with an introverted thinking wing at Point Five does not have an MBTI definition because both functions have the same attitude. The 6w5 is called the Defender by Riso and Hudson.

Points Six and Nine form a major arrow (9-6, or 6-9) in the enneagram. This arrow is associated with private introverted feeling and intuition on the Enneagram of Consciousness.

The 5-6-7 Thinking Triad is well named. Point Five over expresses private thinking because that is the gift of its superior introverted thinking function (Ti-8). Point Seven under expresses rational thinking because its extraverted sensation (Se-7) is the function for irrational perception, not rational thinking. The 5-7 pair are major functions for the STP Keirsey Temperament. Point Six is most out of touch with logical rational objective thinking because it is the introverted function for rational valuation or feeling, not objective logic.

The 2-3-4 Feeling Triad has the lowest triad score (-2), even though Point Three has the same score as Point Six.

MBTI Discussion:

Let's briefly consider some of the MBTI Type implications. True MBTI Types are defined by their position on the Enneagram of Consciousness. The theoretical function order for Type ISFP in the Thinking Triad is IF-ES-IN-ET, and for INTJ in the Instinctive Triad the order is IN-ET-IF-ES. Jim's measured RHETI scores consistently show IN-IF to be his 1st and 2nd functions. RHETI indicates with continuous scores that Jim has a IN-IF-ET-ES non-traditional function order. This function order is non-standard for MBTI theory because the attitudes of the first and second function are the same, not different as specified by MBTI theory. [9] [10].

Many Jungian analysts consider that the theoretical attitude for a pair of Jungian functions should be the same, not different. [11], [12] [13] [14] It turns out that many enneagram arrows such as 6-9, 7-1, 1-4, and 8-5 do have the same attitude that Jungian psychology predicts. The complete set of pairs, called Pseudo Types, are discussed in Enneagram of Consciousness Part 2 article in Enneagram Monthly. [15]

Notice that defining True MBTI Type in terms of a pair of enneagram points is the easy part. The harder task is to measure each of the eight Jungian function-attitudes to discern the presence of particular types. Notice that Jim slightly preferred "P" over "J" with 15 questions out of 26 on MBTI Form G. Jim "breathes in" with the "P" orientation on the bottom side of the Enneagram of Consciousness and "breathes out" with "J" on the top side. Notice that Jim integrates the "P" and "J" sides of the enneagram with the intentionality function at Point Three (moving function and Persona).

We can say that Jim can choose the ISFP "role", or he can choose the INTJ "role". We would further say that Jim, the person, is not a Type, but can choose a role for the occasion. Choice is emphasized by the Enneagram of Consciousness. The five functions of consciousness are selected by free-will when a person is conscious of their choices, and is not following blind mechanical habits like a automatic machine.

The RHETI instrument is very useful because it measures nine points, including the image (Persona) and achievement at Point Three. Enneagram Point Three is called The Achiever (formerly The Motivator) by Riso-Hudson.

We are very fortunate that Don Riso was successful in correlating Jungian, Hornevian, and Freudian theory, attributes, and traits to the Enneagram of Personality Types. We are very fortunate that the pioneering MBTI Form G indicates a person's True MBTI Type. Care must be taken to ensure that the person does not report their third and fourth function as their preferred first and second function during Jungian individuation and type development. The MBTI and RHETI instruments were invaluable in verifying the internal consistency of definitions on the Enneagram of Consciousness.

2.2 RHETI Scores for the Assertive, Compliant, and Withdrawn Triads

The Hornevian Triads are widely known. They have been described in detail by Don Riso in Personality Types, and they are also included as a necessary analysis pattern in the RHETI 2.5 booklet.

        3-7-8 Triad         1-2-6 Triad        4-5-9 Triad
        Above Median: -4    Above Median: +2   Above Median: +2
        Three Seven Eight   One  Two  Six      Four  Five Nine
total      19    15    10    18   13   19        13    16   21
median     16    16    16    16   16   16        16    16   16
above      +3    -1    -6    +2   -3   +3        -3     0   +5

The scores for the Compliant Triad (1-2-6) and Withdrawn Triad (4-5-9) are exactly the same. Both of these triads are two points above the median (+2).

Karen Horney [16] reminds us to think holistically. She says:

"In a healthy human relationship the moves toward, against, or away from others are not mutually exclusive. The ability to want and to give affection, or to give in; the ability to fight, and the ability to keep to oneself - these are complementary capacities necessary for good human relations".

We can say that Jim's Hornevian Triad Priority Order is Withdrawn-Compliant-Aggressive, or Compliant-Withdrawn-Aggressive. Notice that the Withdrawn Triad has two intuition functions (total score of 32), but the Compliant Triad has two feeling functions (total score of 31). This is consistent with dominant Jungian intuition supported by auxiliary Jungian feeling, and the NF Temperament.

Jungian Commentary on the Hornevian Triads

The 3-7-8 Triad is well named the Assertive, Moving Against, or Aggressive Triad. Each function in the triad supports that role. First, the moving function at Point Three is the actual agent or instrument that moves against someone or something with force. It is significant that Karen Horney uses the adjective "moving" with each of her three attitudes; it confirms the logic of the fifth "moving" function on the Enneagram of Consciousness. All three points are very grounded because they draw energy for sensory stimuli such as muscle at Three, the five senses at Six, and the viscera at Eight.

The 1-2-6 Triad is well named the Compliant, or Moving Towards Triad because it contains the introverted and extraverted feeling functions for valuing and complying with standards of value. The extraverted thinking function at Point One is oriented towards rules, order, and standards of compliance.

The 4-5-9 Withdrawn Triad is well named the Withdrawn Triad because it is the most introverted of the three Hornevian Triads. Point Five has the superior introverted thinking function and Point Nine has the superior introverted intuition function. Even though Point Four's gift is extraverted intuition, its bipolar opposite unconsciously controlled introverted sensation function provides the experience of private heart felt sensations.

Section 3: Calculations of Jungian and MBTI Parameters from RHETI Data

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3.1 Calculating Jungian Psychological S, T, N, F Functions [17], [18]

   4th     2nd      1st    3rd
   S: -7    T: +2    N: +2   F: + 0


Point   Seven  Eight  One  Five   Four  Nine   Two  Six
           Se     Si   Te    Ti     Ne    Ni    Fe   Fi
function   15     10   18    16     13    21    13   19
median     16     16   16    16     16    16    16   16
above      -1     -6   +2     0     -3    +5    -3   +3

Notice that we see a different Function Priority Order for Extraverted and Introverted functions. RHETI shows the priority order to be Ni, Fi, Ti, and Si with scores of 21, 19, 16, and 10 for introversion. But RHETI shows the priority order to be Te, Se, Ne, Fe with scores of 18, 15, 13, and 13 for extraversion.

3.2 Calculating Jungian Psychological E/I Attitudes with RHETI

           Extraverted: -5            Introverted: +2
        7-4-1-2 or S-N-T-F Quad    8-9-5-7 or S-N-T-F Quad

          Seven  Four  One  Two    Eight  Nine  Five   Six
          Se-7   Ne-4  Te-1 Fe-2   Si-8   Ni-9  Ti-5  Fi-6
function    15     13    18   13     10     21    16    19
median      16     16    16   16     16     16    16    16
above       -1     -3    +2   -3     -6     +5     0    +3

3.3 Calculating Selected Jungian Triads with RHETI Scores:

The 6-8-4, 2-9-7, and 3-5-1 Triads are members of 12 triads specified on the Enneagram of Consciousness with the Fractal Geometry Law of 37 for whole events. [19]

        INFP: -6         ENFJ: +1         EMTP: +5
     6-4-8 Triad      2-9-7 Triad      3-5-1 Triad
     F-N-S order      F-N-S order      M-T-T

  Six  Four  Eight   Two  Nine  Seven  Three  Five  One
   19    13     10    13    21     15     19    16   18
   +3    -3     -6    -3    +5     -1     +3     0   +2

The EMTP pattern is highest (+5). The MBTI cannot distinguish between M (moving) and N (intuition) because it is not designed for a five function model - so this EMTP triad would likely be reported as ENTP. EMTP would likely be included as an ENTP in David Keirsey's Temperament system. [20]

The 1-3-5 triad is correlated with ideas that can be translated into actions via the psychomotor or the moving function. William James called this ideo-motor action. [21] Language is a form of "idea in motion". Words, or Logos at Point One are sounded silently in mind, just moments before they are transformed into spoken words by the learned moving function and heard by other people.

The EMTP pattern is quite significant. My five function theory is rather new to most people. But lest we think that it can be easily swept under the rug and forgotten, remember this. Jung spoke of action in the world, and psychomotor functions that were needed to "jump across the stream". However, he focused his attention on a pure psychological model that agreed with his clinical practice and observations. If you consider the simple act of seeing your own handwriting on a check or grocery list, then it obvious that the moving function must come first to cause your signature or grocery list to be made on paper, so it can be read. There are psychological and physical consequences to not using the moving function to write checks and grocery lists. Enneagram Point Nine (superior introverted intuition with an inferior extraverted sensation function) follows the 9-3 enneagram arrow to move into action at Point Three.

The 2-9-7 and 6-4-8 Bipolar Jungian Perception Triads:

Notice that the F-N-S order is associated with both the INFP (-6 score) and the ENFJ (+1 score). Notice also that the M-T-T order for EMTP (+5 score) is higher than either NF Temperament Types. The INFP and ENFJ patterns can be interpreted as natural choices for processing information from events in the world as they occur. One cycle begins at Point Three, where information is received on the bottom side of the Enneagram of Consciousness" and moves around to the last point on the "P" path at Point Seven. One cycle continues from Point Eight and moves around the top "J" side of the enneagram and stops at Point Three to complete the output cycle.

Information is received by Point Four's superior extraverted intuition function before it moves on to Point Six's introverted feeling function. In this respect, the Enneagram of Consciousness provides a visual means for demonstrating Isabel Briggs Myers' insight of the "Z" diagram for an information process. [22]

The "J" and "P" Attitudes:

The significance of "J" and "P" becomes apparent on the Enneagram of Consciousness. The "J" attitude corresponds to the preference to achieve at Point Three - by getting on with the work, and not wasting any time. One cycle around the enneagram circle is the minimum amount of time needed by a"J" type. They must have input to act on. Note that the ISTJ and ESTJ are defined at the top of the Enneagram of Consciousness in the 8-9-1 Triad. ISTJ corresponds to 8-1 and ESTJ corresponds to 1-8. The Jungian type at Eight is formed by 8-4 and at Four by 4-8. Remember, Jungian Psychological Types are defined by their superior-inferior function bipolar dyad.

David Keiresy observes that the MBTI definitions for the "J" attitude are very correlated to order, closure, and schedule issues. [23] Closure and minimizing the number of enneagram information cycles is a very "J" attitude, especially for decision makers who wish to use the bare minimum of one cycle around the Enneagram of Consciousness.

David Keirsey observes that the MBTI definitions for the "P" attitude are very correlated to remaining open. The "P" attitude also corresponds to achieving at Point Three -while taking more time in their own "judgment" . "P" wishes to remain open for several cycles of information and data acquisition. Keeping things open is what "Ps" do on the Enneagram of Consciousness. One cycle around the enneagram circle is not enough time for a "P" type, as a "P"Inventor might tell his "J" boss. They do want order and closure eventually, but after more cycles around the circle than "J" needs.

The enneagram Law of Seven (1-4-2-8-5-7) names how information must be stitched together in a linear time sequence to make a whole gestalt. It is a quite amazing that the 7-1-4-2 sequence in the Law of Seven contains Jung's entire set of extraverted functions. The coherence of information from changing events follows this universal law. The Enneagram of Consciousness is unique because it is a map that names the most significant conscious information at each enneagram point. The meaning of each point is not arbitrary.

Jim invests energy in developing his game of tennis. Point Three is where the tennis racket meets the tennis ball. Most tennis pros describe their experience of going or moving with the flow when their game is "on".

It is impossible to play a tennis game without learned moving functions that develop skill to the point where the game is played without effort. A pro will say that it is impossible to play a good game of tennis if you do not have confidence in your ability, and if you let doubtful mind interfere with the body's wisdom as it operates from its natural center of being. This centered position is at Point Zero on the Enneagram of Consciousness. We are naturally present to our work at hand with full attention if we come from our center of stillness - known as the Self. [24], [25]

3.4 Calculating Bipolar Opposite Jungian Scores using RHETI

     Bipolar "P" Score:  -5        Bipolar "J" Score: +8

Four+Eight:-9   Seven+Nine: +4   One+Six: +5   Two+Five: +3

Ne-4  Si-8      Se-7  Ni-9       Te-1  Fi-6    Fe-2  Ti-5
13    10        15    21         18    19      13    16
16    16        16    16         16    16      16    16
-3    -6        -1    +5         +2    +3      +3    0

It turns out that the most significant bipolar or complementary opposite Rational pair is the bipolar 1-6 pair of Points. The Te-1 and Fi-6 combination have a score of five points above the median (+5). The most significant irrational pair is the bipolar pair of Points Nine and Seven that has a combined score four points above the median (+4). The 9-7 bipolar pair and the 6-1 bipolar pairs form Jungian dyads of psychological type as well as MBTI types. Thus, we can conceive of these bipolar pairs as two Jungian types: introverted intuition (9-7), and introverted feeling (6-1). We can conceive of the two pairs as the patterns 9-1-6-7 (True Type INTJ), or 9-6-1-7 (Pseudo Type INFI).

The Enneagram of Consciousness takes the position that it is Jungian psychological type that is most naturally related to enneagram personality type, and not MBTI type. This means that each point on the enneagram has a tug of war going on between its bipolar opposite at another point on the enneagram (the 9-7 and 1-6 pairs, for example). You might say that the superior function has the inferior function as a dancing partner at each enneagram point. That simple yang-yin tension causes type behavior when the superior function is habitually overused, and the inferior function objects to being "stepped on" or pushed down by the superior function.

Notice that Von Franz's description of an Jungian Psychological Type is similar to Enneagram Personality Type behavior due to the inferior function.

It is natural for a person's reported MBTI Type scores to change over time due to development of less consciously exercised functions. A person's True MBTI Type is indicated by their first superior and second helping consciously used functions. It is necessary to use inclusive language to account for all possible combinations of Jungian functions, so that non-standard pairs of points called Pseudo types are not forgotten in discussions of type dynamics. These Pseudo types are fundamental to the process of moving around the enneagram circle and capturing a whole set of information on the object of attention in the world. This is analogous to taking a picture with a camera and not leaving any people out.

3.5 Calculating Unipolar Opposite Jungian Scores

    Unipolar "P" Scores: -7           Unipolar "J" Scores: +2

Four+Seven: -4   Eight+Nine:-3      One+Two: -1   Five+Six: +3
    Ne-4  Se-7      Si-8  Ni-9       Te-1  Fe-2     Ti-5  Fi=6
      13    15        10    19         18    13       16    19
      16    16        16    16         16    16       16    16
      -3    -1        -6    +3         +2    -3        0    +3

The unipolar Jungian pairs shows Jim's preference for unipolar judgment (+2) over unipolar perception (-7). The unipolar introverted rational pair 6w5 is favored over extraverted rational pair 1w2 by four points. Jim's slight preference for introversion also shows up as a very slight preference for introverted pair 9w8 over extraverted preference 7-4. Overall the unipolar introverted perception and judgment functions have the highest scores. Unipolar patterns were found to be very significant in Enneagram/MBTI Survey Data reported in Issue 1 of the MBTI [26] The 6w5 is allowed by enneagram theory, but it is not included as a type pair by MBTI theory.

From meditation practice we find that information about a whole object can be held in mind with undivided attention. But our minds can only be focused on one thing in one place at a time. In other words, unipolar function pairs are necessary to prevent information distortion. This finding agrees with the theory of Jungian analysts.

At the same time the inferior function of a bipolar opposite pair tends to present information to conscious mind automatically. It does take effort and time to look for the opposite unipolar component that cannot be observed simultaneously with the superior function. We have to look again in a later moment. When attention is placed on the working surfaces where objects move, and if the subject is centered as a Witness to the work, then information is not distorted, and the work proceeds as it should.

We have to be very careful with our language. When we speak of type as a structure, then we completely agree with Isabel Briggs Myers that extraverted functions need to be balanced by introverted functions (and vice-versa). This leads to bipolar pairs that define MBTI Types. The processes of consciousness that human beings need to hold information in mind - as it occurs dynamically - is one thing, but typological structures of mind is another. Information is dynamic and changes from moment to moment. Personality Type is relatively fixed from moment to moment, and the differentiation of functions to make full consciousness possible - takes a lifetime. Edward Whitmont noted that introverted and extraverted thinking "cannot be engaged in simultaneously but the same person can be perfectly at home in both. The introverted thinking type usually can use both with ease." [27]

Section 4: 4. Calculating Scores for Truth (7-1-4), Goodness (2-5-8), and Beauty (3-6-9) Philosophical (Aristotle) Triads [28]

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     7-1-4 Truth: -2     2-5-8 Goodness: -9      3-6-9 Beauty: +11

    Seven  One   Four    Two   Five  Eight      Three  Six  Nine
    Se-7   Te-1  Ne-4    Fe-2  Ti-5  Si-8       Me-3  Fi-6  Ni-9
      15     18    13      13    16    10         19    19    21
      -1     +2    -3      -3     0    -6         +3    +3    +5

Points 4-6 represents Ne-Fi or ENFP, points 6-4 represents Fi-Ne or INFP, points 9-2 represents Ni-Fe or INFJ, and points 2-9 represents Fe-Ni or ENFJ. Pairs of NF enneagram points such Fi-Ni, Ni-Fi, Me-Fi, Fi-Me, Ni-Me, Me-Ni, Me-Fe, and Fe-Me are named and understood on the Enneagram of Consciousness. They are not known in MBTI theory because the fifth function is not recognized, and the same attitude is not recognized for pairs of functions.

Conclusion

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Jim's shows that he has an Enneagram Point Nine (Ni) position with a Wing at Point One (Te)and two equally strong arrows to Six (Fi) and to Three (Me). The scores for Point Nine's arrows to Points Three and Six are one unit higher than Nine's wing at Point One.

We see that Jim is quite flexible on both the "J" and "P" sides of the Enneagram of Consciousness. When we think in terms of the MBTI "Z" diagram process on a circle it is clear the NF Temperament can be expressed several ways, such as ENFP, INFP, ENFJ and INFJ. And we also see unipolar pairs 6-9, 9-6, 2-4, 4-2 with the same attitude that I refer to as Pseudo Types. I name 6-9 the Pseudo Type IFNI, 9-6 the Pseudo Type INFI, 2-4 the Pseudo Type EFNE, and 4-2 the Pseudo Type ENFE.

The notation names the functions in their priority order, such as F-N for 6-9 and 2-4. The notation "I" at the beginning and end (IFNI), and "E" at the beginning and end (EFNE) shows that both functions are either introverted or extraverted. The "J" or "P" notation becomes unnecessary, and as John Fudjack points out that can lead to misleading conclusions that eliminates Pseudo Types. Although John and I have approached our subject from different directions, we arrive at similar conclusions, although he does use the name "Pseudo Type" to identify these function pairs with the same attitude. These Pseudo Type function pairs are a necessary part of human work to construct a holistic image of the world as a whole.

A summary of some of patterns that we have considered on the Geldart Enneagram of Consciousness is given below.

    Triad                Total Score  Above Median

1. Beauty Triad (3-6-9)           59  +11
2. Psychomotor Triad (1-3-5)      53  +5
3. Withdrawn Triad (4-5-9)        50  +2
4. Compliant Triad (1-2-6)        50  +2
5  Thinking Triad (5-6-7)         50  +2
6. Instinctive Triad (8-9-1)      49  +1
7. Truth Triad (1-4-7)            44  -2
8. Feeling Triad (2-3-4)          45  -3
9. Goodness Triad (2-5-8)         39  -9

This article reinforced the findings that unipolar Jungian functions are fundamental ideas to explain MBTI/Enneagram Survey Data. The same unipolar direction of attention must be used for the moment-to-moment process of seeing real living beings and other objects in the world as whole entities. To do otherwise is to distort the available information at its source, and is an example of identifications that the enneagram shows how to identify, and ultimately avoid. It is a paradox that enneagram type theory and practice can actually be used to overcome the process of identification known as enneagram type behavior.

Finally, this article shows that there is much common ground between the enneagram, the MBTI, and the Keirsey Temperament systems, and that we can learn from each other. We have just begun this fruitful dialog at the EMTI Journal.

Footnotes

REFERENCES

[1] Walter J. Geldart, The Enneagram of Consciousness and Jungian Psychology, Full Circle, The Enneagram Institute, Fall 1997, page 4-5, and 12-13.

[2] The Riso-Hudson Enneagram Type Indicator, Version 2.5, The Enneagram Institute, 1998, 18 pages.

[3] Isabel Briggs Myers and Mary McCaulley, Manual: A Guide to the Development and Use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, Consulting Psychologists Press, 1990, 309 pages.

[4] John Fudjack, A Preliminary Report on the FD33 Survey, The Enneagram and the MBTI (R). Issue #2, Oct. 1998.

[5] Don Richard Riso with Russ Hudson, Personality Types - Using the Enneagram for Self-Discovery, Houghton Mifflin, 1996.

[6] C. G. Jung, Collected Works, Volume 6, Psychological Types, paragraphs 929-933 Bollingen, 1990, page 530.

[7] Walter J. Geldart, Message 76, MBTI Message Board at Delphi....[Can you put in a clickable line, or steer people to the place to enter their EMTI registration?]

[8] Riso and Hudson, Personality Types, pp. 27-55, 432-443.

[9] Isabel Briggs Myers, with Peter B. Myers, Gifts Differing, Chapter 1, Consulting Psychologists Press, 1983, pp. 1-16.

[10] The Manual: A Guide to the Development and Use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, 1990, page 19.

[11] C. A. Meier, Personality, The Individuation Process in the Light of C. G. Jung's Typology, Daimon, 1997, page 32 (for example)

[12] Edward C. Whitmond, The Symbolic Quest, Basic Concepts of Analytical Psychology, Princeton Uniersity Press, 1978, paragraph 4, page 144 (for example)

[13] Jung, Psychological Types, paragraphs 666-667, page 405 (Jung implies the first and second function have the same attitude).

[14] Walter J. Geldart, Message 64, EMBTI Message Board at Delphi.

[15] Walter J. Geldart, The Enneagram of Consciousness, Part 2, Enneagram Monthly, June 1998, pages 8-9.

[16] Karen Horney, "Neurosis and Human Growth", Norton, 1991, page 17.

[17] Marie-Louise Von Franz, Psychotherapy, Shambala, 1993.

[18] Daryl Sharp, Personality Types - Jung's Model of Typology, Inner City Books, 1987.

[19] Walter J. Geldart, Enneagram Triads on the Enneagram of Consciousness, Full Circle, The Enneagram Institute, Spring 1998, page 4-5, 12-13. [not clickable from papers yet]

[20] David Keirsey, Please Understand Me 2 - Temperament, Character, Intelligence, Prometheus Nemesis Books, 1998.

[21] Roberto Assagioli, The Act of Will, Arkana Books, 1992, page 51.

[22] Otto Kroeger with Janet M. Thuesen, Type Talk at Work, How the 16 Personality Types Determine Your Success on The Job, Delacorte Press, 1992, page 163.

[23] David Keirsey, op.cit., pages 12-13.

[24]Von Franz, op.cit, pages 1-2, and elsewhere.

[25] Daryl Sharp, Who Am I Really - Personality, Soul, and Individuation, Inner City Books, 1995.

[26] John Fudjack and Patricia Dinkelaker, A Third Principle Governing The Distribution of MBTI Types Across the Enneagram, EMBTI Issue #1, August 1998.

[27] Whitemont, op. cit., page 141.

[28] Walter Geldart, The Enneagram of Equilateral Triangles, Full Circle, The Enneagram Institute, Summer 1998, page 4-5,9. [and not clickable from papers yet]

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